IntroductionThe determination of total protein in serum is a fundamental diagnostic tool in clinical biochemistry. Among the various methods available, refractometry stands out for its simplicity, rapidity, and cost-effectiveness. This technique leverages the refractive index of serum, which correla

IntroductionOptical bubble sensors have emerged as critical components in various industries, offering precise detection and measurement of gas bubbles within liquid flows. These sensors utilize optical principles to detect the presence and size of bubbles, which is essential in processes where gas

IntroductionIn the food and beverage industry, maintaining product quality and consistency is paramount. One of the key parameters that manufacturers monitor is the sugar content in their products. This is where a Brix refractometer becomes an essential tool. A Brix refractometer measures the sugar